Vaginal health is vital to overall health. When the vagina is not healthy, it can affect the quality of sex and orgasms. It also may affect pregnancy. Vaginal health issues that go on for a long time can cause stress or relationship issues. Vaginal health issues also may affect how you feel about yourself. Know the symptoms of vaginal health concerns and what you can do to keep your vagina healthy.

• Sexual issues. These might include constant pain or pain that happens just before, during or after sex. Painful sex is called dyspareunia. Pain with penetration means that pain happens when something enters the vagina. This type of pain might be caused by muscle spasms of the vaginal wall, called vaginismus.

  The muscles in the pelvic floor can tense, causing ongoing pain and pain during sex. Vaginal dryness also can cause pain during sex. Vaginal dryness often happens as menopause nears, called perimenopause, or after menopause.

• Sexually transmitted infections. Sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital warts, syphilis and genital herpes can affect the vagina. Symptoms might include vaginal discharge or genital sores.
• Vaginitis. An infection or change in the balance of vaginal yeast and bacteria can cause swelling and irritation of the vagina. Symptoms include vaginal discharge, odor, itching and pain. Common types of vaginitis include yeast infections and trichomoniasis.
• Bacterial vaginosis. This can happen when the vagina's natural bacteria levels are out of balance. Having a period, douching or sex might lead to bacterial vaginosis. Symptoms may include vaginal discharge and odor.
• Pelvic floor relaxation. Ligaments and connective tissues hold the uterus and the vaginal walls in place. If these ligaments and tissues become weak, the uterus, bladder, rectum or the vaginal walls might slip down. This is called prolapse. Prolapse may cause a bulge in the vagina or leaking urine when coughing and sneezing.
• Other conditions. Vaginal cysts can cause pain during sex or make it hard to put in a tampon. Vaginal cancer, which might first show up as vaginal bleeding after menopause or sex, also is possible. But it's rare.

• A change in the color, odor or amount of vaginal discharge.
• Changes in vaginal skin color or itching.
• Vaginal bleeding between periods, after sex or after menopause.
• A mass or bulge in the vagina.
• Pain during sex or trouble having sex.
• Problems putting in a tampon.

You can take steps to protect your vaginal health and overall health. Try the following:

• Have safer sex. Use condoms. Or have sex with only one partner who has sex only with you and who has no sexually transmitted infections. If you use sex toys, clean them after every use.
• Get vaccinated. Vaccinations can protect you from HPV, the virus associated with cervical cancer. And you can get a vaccination to protect against hepatitis B. This is a serious liver infection that can spread through sex.
• Do Kegel exercises. Kegel exercises can help tone your pelvic floor muscles if your uterus and vaginal walls have slipped, called prolapse. Kegel exercises also can help with urine leakage or pelvic floor weakness.
• Know your medicines. Talk with your healthcare professional about the medicines you use. Know what side effects they can cause.
• Limit the amount of alcohol you drink, and don't smoke. Alcohol misuse can harm your sex life. Nicotine might affect getting aroused. Substance misuse also might cause poor physical and mental health. Both can affect your sex life.
• Be gentle. Don't wash inside your vagina. And don't use products that can irritate the vagina. These include wipes, douches or harsh soaps. Don't use scented products.

You can't prevent all vaginal issues. But having regular checkups can help make sure that issues of the vagina are diagnosed as soon as possible. It's important to talk openly with your healthcare professional about vaginal health.

Consult your health care provider if you notice:

• A change in the color, odor or amount of vaginal discharge
• Vaginal redness or itching
• Vaginal bleeding between periods, after sex or after menopause
• A mass or bulge in the vagina
• Pain during intercourse

You might not need to see your health care provider every time you have vaginal irritation and discharge, particularly if you've been diagnosed with a vaginal yeast infection in the past and you're having similar signs and symptoms. However, if your symptoms don't go away after you use a medication that you get at your drugstore, consult your provider.