The exact cause of polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) isn't known. Most experts think there are many things that might play a role, including:

• Insulin resistance. In PMOS, your body may not respond well to insulin. Insulin is a hormone made in the pancreas. It allows cells to use sugar, your body's main source of energy. If cells don't respond to insulin the way they typically would, blood sugar levels go up. Your body then makes more insulin to try to bring blood sugar levels down.

  One symptom of insulin resistance is dark, velvety patches of skin on the lower part of the neck, armpits, groin or under the breasts. Feeling hungrier than usual and weight gain may be other symptoms.

• Genes. Some research shows that certain genes might be linked to PMOS. Having a family history of PMOS may mean you're more likely to have it.
• Too much androgen activity. With PMOS, your body may make too much of the androgen hormones, which are at higher levels in men. You also may have normal androgen hormone levels but the hormones are more active. This can cause male-pattern hair growth (hirsutism) and some kinds of acne. As a result, ovulation may not always happen. This means that eggs don't develop regularly and aren't released from the follicles where they develop.

Certain factors may increase the risk of PMOS, such as having family members who have PMOS. Being overweight or having obesity may put you at risk of PMOS. Insulin resistance and too much androgen activity also may contribute to the risk of PMOS.

Complications of polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) can include:

• Infertility. PMOS can make it harder to get pregnant. However, pregnancy is still possible and does happen for many women with the PMOS. If you don't wish to become pregnant, use pregnancy prevention methods such as birth control.
• Pregnancy complications. You might have a higher chance of getting diabetes during pregnancy, which is called gestational diabetes. You also may be more likely to have high blood pressure during pregnancy, miscarriage or early birth.
• Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (previously called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease). This happens when fat builds up in your liver, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
• Metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a group of health issues that often happen together. Metabolic syndrome can include high blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar, and unhealthy cholesterol or fats in your blood. These fats are called triglycerides. Having these can significantly increase your risk of heart disease and blood vessel issues.
• Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. PMOS may cause you to have a greater chance of high blood sugar.
• Sleep apnea. This happens when you stop breathing for short periods of time while sleeping.
• Mental health issues. Depression, anxiety and eating disorders can happen with PMOS.
• Uterine and ovarian cancer. Some women with PMOS develop a condition that causes the uterus lining to become too thick. This increases the risk of cancer in the lining of the uterus, called endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer is a type of uterine cancer. The risk of ovarian cancer also is higher in people with PMOS.

Obesity is common in people with PMOS and can make complications worse.

There is no cure for polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS). PMOS treatment focuses on managing symptoms and reducing the risk of long-term health issues, such as heart disease and diabetes. Your treatment plan will depend on your symptoms, current health issues and pregnancy goals. Usually, a combination of treatments such as lifestyle changes and medicine is recommended.

Lifestyle changes

To help manage polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), try to:

• Stay at a healthy weight. Weight loss is recommended for women with PMOS and overweight or obesity. Your healthcare professional may suggest a low-calorie diet and regular exercise. Even losing a small amount of weight — for example, losing 5% of your body weight — can improve PMOS symptoms and reduce the risk of other health issues. For example, exercise can lower blood sugar levels by improving how insulin works in the body. It also can lower androgen levels and help you ovulate so that your periods are more regular.

  Losing weight may help your medicines work better, and it can help with infertility. Ask about a weight-control program, if your healthcare professional recommends one. Meet with a registered dietitian for help reaching your weight-loss goals.

• Limit calories. When it comes to losing weight for people with PMOS and overweight or obesity, eating fewer calories is the most important thing — no matter what kind of diet you follow. Research hasn't shown that one diet works better than another for weight loss in PMOS, as long as you're eating fewer calories overall.
• Be active. Aerobic exercise and strength training helps lower blood sugar levels. If you have PMOS, getting more daily activity and regular exercise may treat or even prevent insulin resistance. Being active also may help you manage your weight and avoid diabetes.

Medicines to regulate periods

To make your periods more regular, your healthcare professional might recommend:

• Combination birth control pills. Pills that have both estrogen and progestin can help reduce androgen and make your menstrual cycle more regular. These medicines also can help lower your risk of endometrial cancer and improve irregular bleeding, unwanted hair growth and acne.
• Progestin therapy. Taking a progestin for 10 to 14 days every 1 to 2 months can regulate your periods and protect against endometrial cancer. Progestin therapies don't improve androgen levels and won't prevent pregnancy. Progestin-only birth control pills or a progestin-containing intrauterine device are better choices if you also wish to avoid pregnancy.

Medicines to treat infertility

Not everyone with PMOS has difficulty getting pregnant. If you're trying to get pregnant and have irregular periods or have not become pregnant within 6 to 12 months, your healthcare professional may suggest medicines to help you ovulate, such as:

• Metformin (Glumetza, Fortamet). This medicine for type 2 diabetes improves insulin's ability to lower blood sugar. If you have prediabetes, metformin may delay or prevent type 2 diabetes and help with weight loss.
• GLP-1 medicines, such as Ozempic or Zepbound. For some people with PMOS, GLP-1 medicines may be used to help lower blood sugar and promote weight loss. GLP-1 medicines are usually given as a shot. They are stopped before pregnancy.
• Letrozole (Femara). This treatment helps the body make more of a hormone needed to trigger ovulation.
• Clomiphene. This medicine is a pill that's taken at the beginning of your menstrual cycle. If you don't become pregnant using clomiphene, your healthcare professional might recommend adding metformin to help you ovulate.
• Gonadotropins. These hormone medicines are given as shots.

If needed, talk with your healthcare professional about procedures that may help you become pregnant. For example, in vitro fertilization may be an option.

Medicines to treat male-pattern hair growth or acne

To reduce male-pattern hair growth or improve acne, your healthcare professional might recommend:

• Birth control pills. These pills lower the amount of androgens made or reduce the activity of those hormones, which can help clear acne and reduce male-pattern hair growth.
• Spironolactone (Aldactone). This medicine blocks the effects of androgens on the skin, which can help reduce male-pattern hair growth and acne. Spironolactone can cause birth defects, so effective birth control is needed while taking this medicine. This medicine isn't recommended if you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant.
• Eflornithine (Vaniqa). This cream can slow facial hair growth.
• Hair removal. Electrolysis and laser hair removal are two hair removal options. Electrolysis places a tiny needle in each hair follicle. The needle sends out a pulse of electricity. The electricity destroys the follicle. Laser hair removal uses light energy to remove unwanted hair. You might need many treatments of electrolysis or laser hair removal. Shaving, plucking or using creams that dissolve unwanted hair also may help, but the results are temporary. Often hair removal and medicines are used together.
• Acne treatments. Medicines, including pills and creams or gels, may help improve acne. Talk to your healthcare professional about options.

Although there is no cure for polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), lifestyle changes and treatments can improve symptoms and reduce long-term health effects. To cope, try these strategies:

• Connect with others. Finding support from other people with PMOS can be helpful. Whether it's an online community, PMOS support group, or trusted friend or family member, sharing experiences can make you feel understood and less alone.
• Learn as much as you can. Learning about PMOS and how it affects your body can help you feel more empowered. Turn to reliable sources such as your healthcare team to better understand your diagnosis, symptoms and treatment.
• Prioritize your mental health. Living with a chronic condition like PMOS can be stressful. Sometimes, this can lead to feelings such as anxiety or depression. Talk openly with your care team about how you're feeling and don't be afraid to ask for help.

Living with PMOS is challenging and different for everyone. Not all people with PMOS will have the same symptoms or face the same health issues. Although PMOS does increase your risk of complications such as infertility or diabetes, it doesn't always mean these will happen.

For polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), you may see a specialist in female reproductive medicine, called a gynecologist. You also may see a specialist in hormone disorders, called an endocrinologist, or an infertility specialist, called a reproductive endocrinologist.

Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.

What you can do

Before your appointment, make a list of:

• Symptoms you've been having, and for how long.
• Information about your periods, including how often they happen, how long they last and how heavy they are.
• All medicines, vitamins, herbs and other supplements you take, including the amount and how often.
• Key personal and health information, including other health conditions, recent life changes and stressors.
• Questions to ask your healthcare professional.

Some basic questions to ask include:

• What tests do you recommend?
• How does PMOS affect my chance of getting pregnant?
• Are there any medicines that might help improve my symptoms or make it easier to get pregnant?
• Are there things I can do to improve my PMOS symptoms?
• How will PMOS affect my health later in life?
• I have other health issues. How can I manage them alongside PMOS?

Be sure to ask any other questions that you may have.

What to expect from your doctor

Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you a number of questions, including:

• What are your symptoms? How often do they happen?
• How bad are your symptoms?
• When did each symptom start?
• When was your last period?
• Have you gained weight since you first started having periods? How much weight did you gain, and when did you gain it?
• Does anything seem to improve your symptoms? Make them worse?
• Are you trying to get pregnant, or do you wish to become pregnant?
• Has any close blood relative, such as your mother or a sister, ever been diagnosed with PCOS or PMOS?

To help ease the effects of PCOS, try to:

• Stay at a healthy weight. Weight loss can lower insulin and androgen levels. It also may restore ovulation. Ask your health care provider about a weight-control program, if you need one. Meet with a registered dietitian for help in reaching weight-loss goals.
• Limit carbohydrates. High-carbohydrate diets might make insulin levels go higher. Ask your provider if a low-carbohydrate diet could help if you have PCOS. Choose complex carbohydrates, which raise your blood sugar levels more slowly. Complex carbohydrates are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and cooked dry beans and peas.
• Be active. Exercise helps lower blood sugar levels. If you have PCOS, increasing your daily activity and getting regular exercise may treat or even prevent insulin resistance. Being active may also help you keep your weight under control and avoid developing diabetes.